Major Histocompatibility Complex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Significant Histocompatibility Complex - Essay Example The job of safe reactions and polymorphism achieves changes to parasitic reactions and people ace insusceptible reactions against pathogenic reactions. In this conversation highlights of the significant histocompatibility complex are featured and the instruments and elements of the invulnerable framework are likewise talked about regarding pathogenic responses and the job of the MHC. The significance of hereditary assorted variety, particular weight and polymorphism would likewise be talked about to recommend developmental changes, hereditary decent variety in the populace and the impact of MHC on social conduct. A depiction of the MHC or Major Histocompatibility Complex could recommend that MHC is a quality bunch. The MH complex comprises of 4,000,000 base sets of DNA and contains 128 qualities just as 96 pseudogenes (non-useful quality remainders). The MHC is accordingly a multigene family, has an enormous bunch of qualities encoding key receptor particles that guides in the authoritative of remote peptides to resistant cells and this thusly prompts a fruitful insusceptible reaction (Klein, 1986). The vertebrate invulnerable framework has the MHC as its center and it is a multigene family encoding receptor particles that ties and perceives outside peptides for safe reactions and safe cells. ... ent them to resistant cells and trigger a kind of safe reaction and outside proteins enter cells by disease, phagocytosis in antigen introducing cells and macrophages. Remote proteins are included little peptides and introduced in MHC atoms and these proteins are moved to the cell surface and T cell populace. At the point when the peptide ties the T cells, safe reactions are activated (Klein, 1986). The MHC is the most significant hereditary group inside a mammalian resistant framework and the insusceptible framework is portrayed regarding the Major Histocompatibility Complex. The MHC is made out of cell surface glycoproteins and ties antigens from pathogens to T lymphocytes and this aides in setting off the proper resistant reaction to assault of parasites in the body. Some MHC qualities may create an assorted variety of antigens in a populace and people gangs a remarkable pack of qualities and the MHC speak to the safe framework and invulnerable reactions legitimately so the hereditary impacts of populace discontinuity are contemplated. Certain MHC qualities develop because of particular weight from pathogens and will in general influence the social conduct of creatures too. A portion of the issues that will be talked about here would identify with the idea of MHC, the hidden auxiliary and practical characteristics, the early history of MHC, the class I, II, and III and varieties or separation inside indication of MHC so developmental procedures and instruments of parasitic responses, adjustment and determination could be clarified. The MHC has been portrayed at the sub-atomic level for a long time and the populace assorted variety of MHC particles is very huge with respect to some MHC loci, more than 100 unique alleles have been recognized (Parham and Ohta 1996). For polymorphism in MHC, the significance of change,

Carving Leaders from the Warped Wood of Humanity Essay - 34

Cutting Leaders from the Warped Wood of Humanity - Essay Example An announcement made by the creator that was fascinating concerning this conversation was, â€Å"We regard pioneers who put the enthusiasm of the supporters first, however most pioneers don’t take care of doing that all the time, nor do most conditions expect them to figure their enthusiasm for connection to the enthusiasm of their followers† (Ciulla, 2001). I concur with the creator that supervisors need to consider numerous elements and factors in their dynamic the procedure that has nothing to do with charitableness. The enthusiasm of the clients of an organization and the network are imperative to consider, yet chiefs should amplify investors riches. For that to happen organizations need to upgrade the utilization of their monetary assets to improve the deals and benefits of the organization. My closely-held conviction with respect to the subject of whether administration and charitableness are associated ideas contrasts from the assessment of Joanne Ciulla. I believe that selflessness can improve the view of an organization, along these lines the methodology can be useful for the benefit of the organization. Unselfishness is a success win recommendation for all the gatherings in question. An organization that has a genuine feeling of the significance of morals will put forth a coordinated attempt to help intrigue bunches deprived through selflessness endeavors. Selflessness can improve the open picture of an organization. The utilization of unselfishness thinks about well the authority capacities of an administrator. Selflessness ought not be imagined as an expense; rather, it ought to be seen as a good and socially mindful approach to offer back to the network that fabricates the brand estimation of an organization. In spite of my distinction of conclusion with the crea tor concerning the connection between these two ideas, I concur with the creator in that it is conceivable to be morally mindful without utilizing selflessness. There are loads of moral choices that chiefs must make that don't include unselfishness.

Reading Pathways Bill Bryson Books on Travel, History, and More

Reading Pathways Bill Bryson Books on Travel, History, and More Bill Bryson is an American-British writer who has authored twenty-some books. I first read his books in undergrad uni, as I was researching an essay for geography on travel literature. Travel lit was something I read a lot of back then, and Bryson quickly became a favourite. He is hilarious and his writing is marked with a wonderfully dry wit that I love. Bryson’s books can be categorised into four broad categories: travel, history, language, and science. If you haven’t read any of his books and are looking for recommendations on which ones to read, this is my suggestion: all of them (a list of his books can be found here). If you are after a perhaps slightly more helpful suggestion, well…okay. Travel I still think of Bill Bryson as primarily a travel writer, despite almost half of his published works being of the non-travel variety (especially the more recent books). This is where it all began, and so this too is where I shall start this reading pathways. The Lost Continent (1989) This is Bryson’s first book, about his travels around small town America as he searches for the America of his childhood. From the first chapter: It was against this disturbed and erratic background that I became gripped with a curious urge to go back to the land of my youth and make what the blurb writers like to call a journey of discovery. On another continent, 4,000 miles away, I became quietly seized with that nostalgia that overcomes you when you have reached the middle of your life and your father has recently died and it dawns on you that when he went he took some of you with him. I wanted to go back to the magic places of my youth â€" to Mackinac Island, the Rocky Mountains, Gettysburg â€" and see if they were as good as I remembered them. I wanted to hear the long, low sound of a Rock Island locomotive calling across a still night and the clack of it receding into the distance. I wanted to see lightning bugs, and hear cicadas shrill, and be inescapably immersed in that hot, crazy-making August weather that makes your underwear scoot up every crack and fissure and cling to you like latex, and drives mild-mannered men to pull out handguns in bars and light up the night with gunfire. I wanted to look for Ne-Hi Pop and Burma Shave signs and go to a ball game and sit at a marble-topped soda-fountain and drive through the kind of small towns that Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney used to inhabit in the movies. I wanted to travel around. I wanted to see America. I wanted to come home. Those last two sentences in the above quote really resonate with me and make me love this book. I am a geographer, and one of the things I love to do when travelling is to get away from the big cities and visit small towns. A country’s story is rarely entirely told by just its cities; there is life and history beyond the large population centres and I like to explore those as much as I like seeing the famous sights. I love going to small towns and seeing what lives that are different from mine are like. And this is a book that is essentially all about travels in small towns; it is a different America to the one I know now. I also especially empathise with the desire to go home. As an expat, I’ve come to realise that ‘home’ is a bit of a funny concept, ever-changing and not necessarily tied to a single place. Bryson’s journey in this book to find his childhood, and find home, is one I understand better now than when I first read the book over a decade ago. Notes From a Small Island (1995) Bryson had been living in Britain for over 20 years before moving back to the U.S. with his young family. He went on one final journey around Britain before his move back, and this book was the result (he has since travelled around the UK more; his 2015 travel book, The Road to Little Dribbling, is an account of his travels around Britain to see what has changed in the 20 years since Notes from a Small Island was published). It has been voted the book that best represents Britain. Bryson captures the eccentricities and quirks of the country beautifully, and the book is a wonderful, funny read. From the last chapter: Suddenly, in the space of a moment, I realised what it was that I loved about Britain â€" which is to say, all of it. Every last bit of it, good and bad â€" Marmite, village fetes, country lanes, people saying mustnt grumble and Im terribly sorry but, people apologising to me when I conk them with a nameless elbow, milk in bottles, beans on toast, haymaking in June, stinging nettles, seaside piers, Ordnance Survey maps, crumpets, hot-water bottles as a necessity, drizzly Sundays â€" every bit of it. What a wondrous place this was â€" crazy as fuck, of course, but adorable to the tiniest degree. What other country, after all, could possibly have come up with place names like Tooting Bec and Farleigh Wallop, or a game like cricket that goes on for three days and never seems to start? Who else would think it not the least odd to make their judges wear little mops on their heads, compel the Speaker of the House of Commons to sit on something called the Woolsack, or take pride in a military hero whose dying wish was to be kissed by a fellow named Hardy? (Please Hardy, full on the lips, with just a bit of tongue.) What other nation in the world could possibly have given us William Shakespeare, pork pies, Christopher Wren, Windsor Great Park, the Open University, Gardners Question Time and the chocolate digestive biscuit? None, of course. How easily we lose sight of all this. What an enigma Britain will seem to historians when they look back on the second half of the twentieth century. Here is a country that fought and won a noble war, dismantled a mighty empire in a generally benign and enlightened way, created a far-seeing welfare state â€" in short, did nearly everything right â€" and then spent the rest of the century looking on itself as a chronic failure. The fact is that this is still the best place in the world for most things â€" to post a letter, go for a walk, watch television, buy a book, venture out for a drink, go to a museum, use the bank, get lost, seek help, or stand on a hillside and take in a view. All of this came to me in the space of a lingering moment. Ive said it before and Ill say it again. I like it here. I like it more than I can tell you. Down Under (2000) I’m a little biased, being Australian myself, but this is one of my favourite Bryson travel books. He spends time in the outback, in the cities, in small country towns. The book is full of interesting historical facts and anecdotes, and Bryson’s wry observations of my home country made me even more aware of our various cultural quirks. This is how the book begins: Flying into Australia, I realised with a sigh that I had forgotten again who their Prime Minister is. I am forever doing this with the Australian PM â€" committing the name to memory, forgetting it (generally more or less instantly), then feeling terribly guilty. My thinking is that there ought to be one person outside Australia who knows. But then Australia is such a difficult country to keep track of. On my first visit, some years ago, I passed the time on the long flight from London reading a history of Australian politics in the twentieth century, wherein I encountered the startling fact that in 1967 the Prime Minister, Harold Holt, was strolling along a beach in Victoria when he plunged into the surf and vanished. No trace of the poor man was ever seen again. This seemed doubly astounding to me â€" first that Australia could just lose a Prime Minister (I mean, come on) and second that news of this had never reached me. And so, he spends time travelling around Australia, getting to know the country, and the result is one of the most charmingly funny books I’ve read about the place. History/Language There are a few books that could fall under this category, like his memoir, The Life and Times of Thunderbolt Kid, and his biography of Shakespeare. But there are two in particular I wish to highlight. Made in America (1994) This is a book about the English language and popular culture in America, and in exploring how certain aspects of language and culture in America came to be, he inevitably enlightens readers about the history of the country as well. I feel like I learnt more about America from this book than I did from the official guide for the American citizenship test. At Home (2010) At Home is a brilliant and illuminating book about private life and domesticity. Bryson takes readers on a journey through the history of the rooms in his home, an 1851 Norfolk refectory. He pays close attention to the ordinary things in life, examining how the events of roughly the past 150 years have shaped private life as we know it now. This book is full of interesting facts and anecdotes, and I have a personal bias and fondness towards the period that the book focuses on: the 19th century, when the modern public library was born. Science A Short History of Nearly Everything (2003) This is an absolute triumph of a book. It’s Bryson’s first non-travel book, and is a remarkable work of narrative nonfiction. It is, as the title suggests, a short history of nearly everything. More specifically, it is a history of our universe and how it came to be. It is a bestselling popular science book that explains many scientific concepts to a general audience. Like his other non-travel books, this is full of facts, trivia, interesting characters, and funny anecdotes. For someone who hated science in school, this is a book that makes science interesting. It covers areas such as astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry, among others. Above all, it is a book about how shockingly amazing it is that we are here at all, as he notes in the introduction: Not only have you been lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favoured evolutionary line, but you have also been been extremely â€" make that miraculously â€" fortunate in your personal ancestry. Consider the fact that for 3.8 billion years, a period of time older than the Earths mountains and rivers and oceans, every one of your forebears on both sides has been attractive enough to find a mate, healthy enough to reproduce, and sufficiently blessed by fate and circumstances to live long enough to do so. Not one of your pertinent ancestors was squashed, devoured, drowned, starved, stranded, stuck fast, untimely wounded, or otherwise deflected from its lifes quest of delivering a tiny charge of genetic material to the right partner at the right moment in order to perpetuate the only possible sequence of hereditary combinations that could result â€" eventually, astoundingly, and all too briefly â€" in you. The Body (15 October 2019) This is Bryson’s first book since The Road to Little Dribbling (2015), and it is another wonderful work of science writing. He leads readers on a journey through the human body and how it works, leaving them with a greater understanding of the body and life itself. He covers areas of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, disease, and medicine, all with his trademark wit and humour. A truly delightful book and one of my favourite books of 2019. This is a book that should be on holiday gift lists for anyone with a passing interest in how the body works. And there you have it. Out of all of the many and wonderful books Bill Bryson has written, these are the seven I think readers who are new to Bill Bryson should start with. Other books I wanted to include on this list are  A Walk in the Woods and Notes from a Big Country, but really my original point remains: which Bill Bryson books do I think you should read? All of them. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Case Study Anxiety Answer Sheet 1 Essay - 1193 Words

Case Study: Anxiety Answer Sheet Diagnosing Tina Student Name: Diagnosing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: 1a. Refer to the DSM-IV checklist for generalized anxiety disorder. Which of Tinas symptoms meet any of the criteria? (Be sure to match specific symptoms with specific criteria.) Tina’s symptoms match all four of the criteria in the DSM-IV checklist for generalized anxiety disorder. Tina worries constantly something is going to happen to her twins which is in correlation with the first criteria listed. The second criteria of having difficulty controlling the worry is exhibited in Tina’s own admission that she worries sll the time and this causes her to smoke, eat and drink excessively to deal with the worry. She exhibits all the†¦show more content†¦Diagnosing Panic Disorder: 3a. Refer to the DSM-IV checklist for panic disorder with agoraphobia and the checklist for panic disorder without agoraphobia. Which of Tina’s symptoms meet any of the criteria? (Be sure to match any specific symptoms with specific criteria.) Tina’s recurrent sudden panic attacks meet the criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia. She experiences recurrent unexpected attacks, worries about the implications and stays at home because of them, which is a significant change in behavior related to the attacks. These attacks are not due to drug abuse and not accounted for by another mental disorder. 3b. Does Tina meet the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia or panic disorder without agoraphobia or neither? Explain why you believe your choice is the most appropriate diagnosis. Tina meets the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia. I believe this is the appropriate diagnosis because her symptoms meet the criteria in the DSM-IV. Understanding Tina’s Disorders: 1. How would the Socio-Cultural Perspective explain Tinas GAD? The Socio-Cultural Perspective might explain Tina’s GAD comes from the loss of her husband. She has lost that social connection and that has triggered this disorder. 2. Explain Tinas GAD from the Existential Perspective. Tina is not living her life with meaning. The Existentialist would say she is shrinking from responsibilityShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Workplace Safety On Organizations And Society989 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the importance of workplace safety prevention is critical in the study of occupational health and safety. Workplace violence is a term used to describe a situation in which an individual experiences verbal abuse, threatening behaviour, harassment, or physical assault in their place of employment or business-related functions or events (OSH Answers Fact Sheet). This is a common occurrence in many workplaces and has a significant impact on the employees mental state, interfering withRead MoreMillon Clinical Inventory Assessment890 Words   |  4 Pagesclinical professionals. It is not appropriate for screening or for the assessment of normal personality. It can be used to formulate diagnostic hypotheses, confirm clinical diagnoses, formulate treatment plans, or as sist in decision making surrounding case management and disposition planning. It can also be used as an outcome measure to evaluate changes in an adolescents functioning as a result of treatment and intervention. (Millon). The MACI is designed specifically to help identify the early signsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1315 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement begs attention when the argument of whether or not marijuana should be legalized is of topic. According to The Foundation for a Drug Free World, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States; however after years of studies this drug is still illegal in almost all states while alcohol and tobacco continues to claim thousands of lives every year (n.d). 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Musical training helps develop language andRead MoreThe Hospital Consumer Assessment Of Healthcare Providers And Systems ( Hcahps )1522 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience. One focus of the HCAHPS survey is nursing communication. Clients are asked how often nurses listened carefully to them, whether nurses explain things in a way they could understand, and nurses treat them with courtesy and respect. Respondents answer these questions on a 4-point rating scale of never, sometimes, usually, and always. Higher scores signify higher satisfaction with communication (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2014). According to Inpatient Jefferson Hospital Performance

The Salem Witch Trials America s History - 1281 Words

In a small town in Massachusetts, a dark event continues to haunt America’s history. America was fairly new around this time. We believed everything we hear, and we had a set of guidelines that all of us followed. Those guidelines was the Bible. Some are more strict about following the Bible and some were more lenient. Unfortunately, for this small town, the people there were very strict. The children tend to get bored in the winter, the town was divided, the crops were bad and the war with Indians increased as they continue to settle. All this leading to an event that most people don’t like to bring up, the Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch Trials officially started in February of 1692 and ended in May of 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft, which was considered the Devil’s work. The total executed was 20 (Currie 4).The citizens of Salem suffered more than ever to rebuild the town and out of all the girls who were responsible for making false accusations only one of them apologized (Blumberg). The town of Salem was occupied by Puritans, unlike Pilgrims who wanted to be rid of religious laws, Puritans wanted to stay true to those doctrines (Macbain 4). With strong religious beliefs, the officials of the town were clouded in their judgement, which played a large role when the afflicted girls started to make accusations. The accusations started when the girls accused 3 women of bewitching them, even though the adults were in disbelief,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Did Religion Impact American History?561 Words   |  3 PagesEvidence throughout American history, confirm s religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. 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Widespread fear, the use of terror and suspicion to turn a population against a large group of people, has led to the unlawful conviction of innocent people through the means of false and fabricated evidence in an attempt to be sure that those in question under the law are convicted—whatever that conviction may be. Those that are responsible for this widespread fear are those that have power withinRead MoreThe Crucible And Salem Witch Trials Similarities790 Words   |  4 PagesLeah Zafir Mrs. Ephrati American History 12 December 2017 Salem Witch Trials and The McCarthy Era The United States of America is filled with many historic events, enriching its history. Many events that occur are compared to past events in our history. In particular, the McCarthy Era in the 1950’s was compared to the Salem Witch Trials which occurred in 1692. This correlation was first made by Arthur Miller who wrote the play â€Å"The Crucible†. He connected the time period of McCarthy to where thereRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism1353 Words   |  6 Pages†-George Santayana. The Salem Witch Trials show a lot about how this world’s beliefs grew and developed in early America and Europe. Much of the prosecution of witches started because of the Roman Catholic Church; they created the belief of witches that led to the Salem Witch Trials. The Trials in Salem were a time when the people were scared of magic and what it could do, that led to the deaths of multiple people. The McCarthy Trials also show a resemblance to the witch trials in Salem as the idea of whatRead MoreSalem Witch Hysteria And Trials1620 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Hysteria and Trials Joshua Furman History 121: Early America to the Civil War Dr. Phillip Hamilton November 18, 2015  The Salem Witch Trial consisted of heinous accusations implicated by Cotton Mather which effected society as a hole and gave reasoning to the numerous amount of witch stories we hear today. Cotton Mather was the eldest son of Increase Mather, Massachusetts most influential and well known Puritan minister, and the grandson of John Cotton, Salem’s spiritualRead MoreEssay about McCarthyism versus the Salem Witch Trials1198 Words   |  5 Pagesaccused of crimes so absurd that when put to trial, they name others of the same crime to redirect the focus from them to others like it happens in the actual day, every year, with minor cases. McCarthyism was one of those cases that changed history, likewise the Salem Witch Trials. McCarthyism had the same effect on people, people who were accused of communism blame others to lessen their penalty like in the Salem Witch Trials, so how the Salem Witch Trials and the McCarthy Era can connects although

Examine critically the GLA proposal to introduce congestion charging Free Essays

Traffic congestion has been a major problem for many of the cities in the UK and nowhere more than in the central of the largest UK city and capital London. It is known that 50% of drivers’ time going though central London is spent in queues and at peak times and that times of high amounts of traffic average speeds of vehicles are under 10 miles per hour (Transport for London, 2001, Congestion Charging: Introduction). It has been a key issue for the transport authorities for some time and many efforts have been aimed at levelling this problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine critically the GLA proposal to introduce congestion charging or any similar topic only for you Order Now The GLA (Greater London Authority), and in particular the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, has now decided to confront this problem head on and has issued a congestion charging scheme for central London. The charge is set to come into place on the 17th February 2003. The congestion charging scheme is intended to reduce the amount of motorists taking unnecessary trips through the centre if London, and to make them think of using public transport where possible. There will be a charge of i5 for drivers who still wish to go through central London. The charge will occur on weekdays between the hours of 7am and 6. 30pm, there will be no charge on weekends and public holidays, the fee of i5 will be at a flat daily rate with no limit on the number of times motorists go through the charging zone. The fee can either be paid on the day or in advance, with passes to the zone available on a weekly, monthly and yearly basis (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: How the scheme will work? ) Not everyone has to pay the charge; there are a number of discounts and exemptions as part of the scheme. Residents who live within the charging zone will receive a 90% discount; providing they can give appropriate verification that they do in fact own the vehicle, they will then be subject to a i10 administration charge to register with the TfL. Disabled badge holder will receive a 100% discount but they will have to register and pay the i10 fee. Others receiving a 100% discount are certain NHS vehicles and firefighters’ operational vehicles. There are also a number of exemptions from the charge, which do not have to register with TfL either. These are motorbikes, Black cabs and mini-cabs. Also exempt from the charge are Emergency Service vehicles, NHS vehicles exempt from vehicle excise duties, buses and coaches. There are a number of other types of vehicles that are exempt or receive a 100% discount for the charge (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: Who will pay? ). They’re will be a fine for the registered keeper of any vehicle which has been caught in the charging zone without having paid the charge will be penalised by the amount of i80, this will go down to i40 for payment within the week, or it will rise to i120 if the fine is not paid on time. However, motorists will be able to pay the charge at the normal rate of i5 before 10pm on the day and at a rate of i10 from 10pm till midnight (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: Penalties). The scheme will be enforced by a number of powerful and highly technological camera’s which will be situated a in and around the congestion charging zone. There is an initial set up budget of i200 million, and i100 million worth of traffic management measures. The scheme is set to raise around i130 million a year, which is by law, should all be spent on transport improvements within Greater London. After rounds of public consultation over a ten-week period starting in July 2001, the London Mayor has decided to go ahead with the proposed scheme, and without any glitches should go ahead on the 17th February 2003 (TfL, 2001,Congestion Charging: Fact Sheets: Basic proposals of the central London scheme). The scheme itself has many benefits along with drawbacks to road users, residents, businesses motorists and the environment. All of these will be affected and care and consideration should be taken when considering the significance of the charge on the various groups. The largest and foremost benefit of the scheme would be the reduced amounts of congestion in the key zone, i. e. Central London. Even though there are many motorists who consider their trips through central London vital, there will be a number of motorists who will avoid the zone during the charging hours, because they do not need to make that trip. The estimated level of reduction in vehicles passing inside the zone would be 10-15%, with a 20-30% reduction in the in the levels of congestion. This would then aid in the speeding up of traffic, which is estimated to increase by 10-15% (TfL, 2001, congestion charging- benefits). The levels of traffic now cause negative externalities, where Marginal Social Costs (MSC), public costs, is greater than Marginal Private Costs (MPC), costs to the individual. The motorists only take into account the cost of petrol and time taken for the trip, MPC. This does not take in to account the levels of pollution, noise and other people’s time that their vehicle is effecting, MSC. With the charge leading to the above levels of reduced traffic the size of the externality is reduced as the individual driver is bearing more of the cost. The charge that the Tfl have brought in is in relation to the size of the externality caused by the driver therefore getting closer to the social optimum in road use and traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in London being at its worst ever is also costing industry in and around greater London millions of pounds every year. In a study Alan Griffiths Stuart Wall (2001), estimate that if traffic were reduced then London’s economy would be better off by i1m a day. This would be a major boost for a city that at the moment looks unattractive and is sometimes over looked in favour of other cities because of the traffic congestion and the additional costs to business because of it. The scheme would also improve business efficiency and reduce the time employees and deliverers spend on the roads, and would spend less on fuel consumption (Greens on the GLA, 2001). The TfL expect the scheme to raise around i130 million a year, with a ten year investment plan to plough it all in to transport improvements. This would no doubt improve public transport, namely buses and the underground, in many areas with improved and new routes planned and an increase in the number of buses and trains. There are investments planned in all areas in public transport, including implementing more safety regulations (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: Public Transport Improvements). This all has to occur fairly swiftly as the demand for the use of public transport will be stretched. The congestion charging scheme also has many consequences to it. With the reduction in congestion in the charging zone, there will be an obvious increase in traffic around the surrounding areas of the zone. The TfL are expecting there to be a 5% increase in traffic levels on orbital routes. This would raise the externalities, and the difference between MPC and MPC will increase. There is also an issue of this being like just another tax and being regressive in its cause, therefore benefiting the rich and adversely affecting the poor. The rich will be able to pay the tax with no qualms, and will actually benefit from paying it as the people less able to pay the tax will be forced, not to drive in the zone. How to cite Examine critically the GLA proposal to introduce congestion charging, Papers

Project Thesis Benito Mussolini In The Early 20th Century, Before Ben

Project Thesis: Benito Mussolini In the early 20th century, before Benito Mussolini and his fascist regime came to power. Italy was in a terrible state. The government was corrupt, there were back door deals taking place and there was wide spread violence. The government was constantly using brute force to silence those who opposed, many were also thrown in jail for advocating a change in the government. Among these men were Mussolini's father who during Benito early years instilled the ideas of socialism and a socialist government. During Benito's upbringing his father was thrown in jail a number of times for urging the over throw of the current Italian government. Times were tough and people had to struggle to fed themselves and their family. The Mussolini's were poor as were many others in Italy at the time. Working hard Benito Mussolini was able to get a job as a school teacher, after working only a year at it, he borrowed some money from his parents to buy a train ticket to Swit zerland. In Switzerland Mussolini greatly increased his knowledge of socialism. Later returning to Italy, Mussolini began to gain a following. He became to editor of the Socialist newspaper where he constantly preached his ideas. World War I began to roll around and against the wishes of the Socialist party he began to advocate that Italy enter the war. Mussolini then left the Socialist party and went to fight for the cause. After coming out of the war chaos gripped Italy, and it was during this time that Mussolini's views spread throughout the country. He gained an army of followers including military veterans. Mussolini also connected with the lower classes and gained their support. Now with some backing Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party. With this power he was able to take over the government and declared a complete dictatorship. The Italy that was once falling apart was now back up on its feet. Mussolini was a dictator of the people. He built roads, harnessed rivers, i ncreased production and ran the trains on time. The standard of living Italy was increasing and the people were loving him. He was someone the people could relate to he was a success story. From poverty to ruling the country and improving it on the way. After several years in power Mussolini became power hungry once again. He abolished all other political parties and imposed government control on virtually ever aspect of Italian life. He conquered Ethiopia and Albania. His tragic ending was near when he became involved with Hitler and aided him in World War II. After Italy was humiliated, Mussolini was captured by his own people who once loved him and he was killed. During his rule Mussolini changed the chaotic government that preceded him which did nothing to help the people of Italy and he help the lower classes which he sympathized with. To many Mussolini and his Fascist regime were feared, but in Italy they were loved.

Aberdeen Maritime Museum Essay Example

Aberdeen Maritime Museum Essay Example Aberdeen Maritime Museum Essay Aberdeen Maritime Museum Essay The purpose of this report is to provide a critical analysis of the existing communications strategy at Aberdeen Maritime Museum, and recommend future promotional activity. This will be done through an investigation of the museums target market, the current communications strategy used, a possible future communication strategy and ways to evaluate it. Conclusions will then be drawn. The Information needed for this report was gathered from textbooks, journals, the Internet and an interview with John Edwards, Aberdeen Maritime Museums Keeper of Science and Maritime History which took place on Monday 4th November. Museum Background Aberdeen Maritime Museum has been part of the citys heritage for numerous years. Prior to 1984 it was situated in a basement room of Cowdray Hall before it moved to Provost Ross House. 1998 saw the opening of a  £4million extension to the museum in its own purposely built building, (a converted church and empty plot next to Provost Ross House) making the museum five times its previous size. Today the museum is a very popular attraction within the city with 81,460 visitors last year (Evening Express, 14 March 2002). The museum has been ranked 24th out of 360 museums in Scotland. (www.scottishmuseums.org.uk). The museum has also won a five star award from Scottish Tourist Board. This is awarded to establishments who are exceptional. Target Market Segmentation is The division of the market into customer subsets, one or more of which becomes the target market, each with a distinct marketing mix (Turnbull, 2002). Therefore, target marketing is the process whereby specific segments are selected and marketing plans are developed to satisfy the needs of the potential buyers in the chosen segment (Fill, 2002) The museum targets local people as it contains local history. (90% of the objects inside the museum have been donated by local people (Edwards, 2002)) Segmenting people by this method is called geographic segmentation as the target market is in a specific area. School children and 16-24 year olds are the museums main audiences. The main reason for this is due to the large number of educational visits. Segmenting by age is known as demographics. Demographics can be defined as dividing the market into groups based upon demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. (Kother and Armstrong, 2001) Therefore the museums main target market (school children and 16-24 year olds in the Aberdeen area) is segmented by geo-demographics (a combination of geographic and demographic segmentation) Business tourism is also a fast growing market, with an increase in conference and exhibitions. The Maritime Museum offers conference facilities that are growing in popularity. This could be because its classed as an unusual venue. Previous users of the conference facilities have included Grampian Police and major oil and computer companies. This market could be segmented on the basis of demographics the museum is targeting professionals looking for a venue to hold their conference. The museum also has customers who visit the museum to use the shop and the cafe facilities. This group of visitors would be segmented and targeted based on their behaviour traits. Overseas visitors to the city are not specifically targeted. Most visitors knowledgeable about the museum find out information via the Visit Scotland. The Maritime Museums target market of local people could be broken down into more specific segments such as schoolchildren, 16 24 year olds and professionals looking for conference facilities. Other segments such as retired people and families could also be considered. Current Communication Strategy Marketing communication is a management process through which an organisation enters into a dialogue with its various audiences (Fill, 2002). The main communication methods used to achieve communication are advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, exhibitions, packaging/design, personal selling, sponsorship, merchandising/point of sale, corporate identity, public relations and word of mouth. Advertising Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001) With an advertising budget of  £10,000 per year, the museum can not afford any large-scale advertising activity. Currently the museum advertises locally through a leaflet produced by Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums called the Diary. The leaflet highlights exhibitions and whats going on in the Art Gallery, Provost Skene House and the Maritime Museum. (Appendix 1.) The Diary could be described as an arts marketing consortia a regular forum for joint marketing (Freeman 1997) The benefits of this include reduced advertising costs, and reaching people who are unaware of the museum. The museum produces its own leaflet, but it is unavailable outside the museum. This is because it is primarily used for orientation around the museum. The museum also invests in advertising in a leaflet called North-East Scotlands Coastal Trail. (Appendix 2) There are over 200,000 leaflets produced, so it reaches a large number of people at a relatively low cost. (Edwards 2002) The small marketing budget means that the museum can not afford to have regular adverts in the local press. However, they are considering advertising in either the Press and Journal or the Evening Express each week in the same space to that people will become aware of the advert, then visit the museum. The only form of outdoor advertising that the museum partakes in is a banner outside the museum. Another form of advertising is through the Maritime Museums web page (www.aagm.co.uk), this is known as interactive advertising. Significant investment into Visit Scotland (www.visitscotland.com) is also made. In doing this the museum a reach a world-wide audience. Direct Marketing Kotler and Armstrong (2001) define direct marketing as a direct communication with carefully targeted individual consumers to obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships. The Friends of Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums could be described as direct marketing. As well as providing funds to the AAGM, members receive invitations to functions and exhibition openings, mailings of information, and discount on selected items from the shops. (Appendix 3) Sales Promotion Sales promotion seeks to offer buyers additional value as an inducement to generate an immediate sale. (Fill, 2002) As the Maritime Museum offers a free service, sales promotion is not used. However, in 1998 until 2000, the museum introduced entry charges. Consequently, the number of visitors dropped by 75% (Edwards, 2002), so were therefore abolished. Sales promotion could have been used during this period, for example a family of four could have paid entry fees for two adults and the children got in free. Packaging/Design Packaging and design is concerned with the designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001) This communication method does not play apart in the museums strategy as they offer a service. Personal Selling Personal selling is a form of marketing communication that involves a face-to-face dialogue between two persons or by one person and a group. (Fill, 2002). Again this method does not play a part in the museums communication strategy. Sponsorship Fill (2002) defines sponsorship as a commercial activity whereby one party permits another an opportunity to exploit an association with a target audience in return for funds, services or resources. The museum does not sponsor anything it does however hold Techfest and activity weekends during the summer holidays for children (their target audience). Benefits of doing this include increased visitor numbers and increased awareness of the museum.. Merchandising/Point of Sale Merchandising is done at the museums shop, which sells goods such as pens, pencils and stickers that all contain the museums name Corporate Identity Corporate identity is simply the awareness, perception and attitudes held by an organisations various stakeholders (Fill, 2002) The museum finds out about its image by survey sheets which they have had for the last four years, and also by notes left in the visitor books which are placed throughout the museum. The museum is also conscious that the average shopper is not aware of the museum, but to find out exact figures, they would need to carry out expensive market research done by experts. Public Relations / Publicity In the March 1997 edition of the Museum Journal, Sarah Freeman stated during this time of cutbacks, aggressive political manoeuvres and market saturation, museums have started looking for allies to help them reach out to the public and convince audiences that are vital and worthwhile. The best way for museums to do this is through public relations. Public relations (PR) is about building up good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favourable publicity (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001) Whenever a new exhibition is introduced into the Maritime Museum, a press release is sent to the local newspapers, which will then possibly run an editorial on it. This benefits the museum as it costs nothing but will also increase visitor numbers, raise support, influence people, establish a professional reputation and target audiences that are hard to reach (Freeman 1997) PR also has its downfalls. Main stories may only make it to newspapers and TV (local, regional or national) if there has been a disaster, a visit from a famous person, or a wacky or topical story. If there is important news on the same day as the museums editorial, the museum story is likely to be dropped, so it is very vulnerable. (Freeman 1997)

Reduce the Use of Of

Reduce the Use of Of Reduce the Use of â€Å"Of† Reduce the Use of â€Å"Of† By Mark Nichol How long can you go on writing without using of? You’ll quickly find that it’s an invaluable word, but writers often take it for granted, and its repeated use is a sure sign of prolixity. Of is a preposition, a word positioned before its object: In â€Å"a stroke of luck,† for example, of is the preposition of luck. We rely on such constructions often and, in moderation, they’re perfectly acceptable but we can easily overuse them. Fortunately, they’re (usually) easily revised: For example, with a few strokes of the pen (or a few taps on the keyboard), â€Å"a stroke of luck† becomes â€Å"a lucky stroke.† The formula is easy just convert the second noun in a â€Å"(noun) of (noun)† phrase to an adjective and move the first noun after the adjective. But such a strategy isn’t always elegant: â€Å"A pen’s stroke† might appeal to a computer seeking the most concise, efficient phrasing, but it is jarring to a human mind, which prefers â€Å"a stroke of the pen.† One’s goal, however, should be to reduce, not eliminate, use of of: After you’ve written a document, search for of, and if you find that you have used it more than once in a sentence or several times in a paragraph, consider revising one or more phrases in which it appears. For example, a sentence with an in-line list, such as â€Å"Information theory has been crucial in the invention of the compact disc, the technology of mobile phones, and the development of the Internet† can be revised to â€Å"Information theory has been crucial in the invention of the compact disc, the technology behind mobile phones, and the Internet’s development.† Note, however, that of is sometimes mistakenly omitted: â€Å"He took a couple days off† is acceptable in casual writing, but â€Å"He took a couple of days off† is correct, and regardless should always be followed by of, as in â€Å"I’m supporting her regardless of whether she’s right or wrong† (though â€Å"regardless of† is redundant to whether and might better be eliminated from the sentence). This post lists some wordy prepositional phrases that can be easily replaced by single words or shorter phrases, and this one suggests strategies for achieving more concise writing by avoiding prepositional phrases altogether. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesHow to Punctuate with â€Å"However†The Uses of â€Å"The†

Informative or Persuasive Speech Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative Persuasive - Speech or Presentation Example They’ve been controversial since their start: People have protested being searched, saying, â€Å"I haven’t done anything wrong. Why on earth are you searching me?† They have been protesting the time it takes and the fact that the body scanner reveals†¦ well, a little more than they ever wanted to show. In the year 2009, airport body scanners were suggested as a way to increase airport security. The unsuccessful bombing on Christmas day was no doubt what scared many airport personnel and travelers in the United States into thinking that they were necessary. Forty scanners had already been purchased for ports around the United States. Some specific airports that had scanners by 2009 were the JFK airport, the Phoenix airport, and the LA airport. On New Years’ day, 2011, we knew that things would be changing for our nation. One of the things that changed was airport security: over 159 scanners have been purchased and are awaiting installment in various a irports. The question is: How would you feel about having someone rush over to you and say, â€Å"You’ve been called out of line. ... This is designed to ensure security, and to ensure nothing is being snuck in the airport. It does not portray a Two-D image of any sort. It does, however, create a three D scanner, which security personnel can use to see whether or not you are sneaking onto the airplane. Our second option is less complex. It’s called the â€Å"backscatter X-ray.† What it does is it takes a 2-D image of the front and back of the individual that is being scanned, and it creates and rotates that movement. The X-ray takes a 2-D image of the front and back of the person. It is much like an X-Ray technology. [Slide X shows the process that the airport scanners go through.] There are many pros to this technology, despite the protests about the scanner. For one, for instance, we are able to see what is being snuck across airplane borders. This is great, because not everyone is truthful with what they are taking across the borders. The airport technology will no doubt help prevent another attack such as September 11, 2011. These airport security scanners are designed to reveal everything under the clothes, preventing anyone from being able to sneak things through. It is able to show both metallic and non metallic weapons. It is also able to show guns, knives, plastic, explosives, and many other items. The body scanners reveal items that a simple pat down would miss. Many people protest the scanners because there are other options. â€Å"Why don’t you just pat me down?† They ask. However, a simple pat down can miss hidden objects, may be against regulations in some cultures, and are known for â€Å"being touching†, something many women have found to be inappropriate. Another alternative – dogs – can only help so much. Swabs can detect chemicals and explosives, but

The law of finding is characterised by many things but simplicity is Essay

The law of finding is characterised by many things but simplicity is not one of them - Essay Example providing some basic principles and guidelines for the determination of title to the finding of lost chattels.3 Even so, any clarification offered by Parker v British Airways Board has been blurred in light of the cases that followed it.4 Hoath goes on to suggest that the catalyst for the lack of clarity in and around the law of finding disputes is largely attributable to the lack of attention and recognition to this area of law. 5 At the end of the day the age-old maxim ‘finders-keepers’ is not all that straightforward. An obvious conflict arises between he maxim ‘finder-keepers’ and the concept that an owner or occupier of land retains all rights to property which is either in or attached to the land where the object is discovered. In an early case the maxim ‘finder-keepers’ was found to be subject to any claims by the rightful owner.6 In this case, Armory v. Delamirie (1722) 1 Str. 505 the land owner made no claim to an item of jewelry found by a chimney sweeps’ boy and the ensuing dispute arose between the boy and a jeweler.7 The modern rules of ‘finders-keepers’ is largely developed around the court’s findings in the case of Elwes v Brigg Gas Co. (1886) 33 Ch.D. 562. Chitty J made it abundantly clear that in finding disputes the critical question of property entitlement was dependant upon ownership and/or lawful possession of the property where the lost object was discovered. In this case a prehistoric boat which had been buried 6 feet deep in the earth on demised premises was discovered by lessee. Chitty J maintained that the owner of the demised property was entitled to possession of the object uncovered. Chitty J held: he was in possession of the ground, not merely of the surface, but of everything that lay beneath the surface down to the centre of the earth, and consequently in possession of the boat. . . . The plaintiff then, being thus in possession of the chattel, it follows that the property in the chattel was vested in him.

Man is a Social Animal Essay

Man is a Social Animal Essay Man is a social animal, said Aristotle years ago, human races proved and realized the importance of his statement by the passage of time. Individuals live in groups and can not separate themselves from being part of a group. Individuals have their own importance, their behaviours and performance can not be ignored as these influence the behaviours and production of groups they belong to. Groups exist every where, and we are a part of it whether we realize this or not. This does not mean that individuals do not give better results when performing alone, they do, but man is dependent on others to fulfil different kinds of need. Working in groups is beneficial for an individual as he gets more exposure and leaning takes place in many ways, and he also learns to survive in group which is the basic necessity for an individual. In order explain individuals behaviour in a group it is important to understand different types of groups, their norms and values and possible causes of the conflicts. There have been researches and experiments conducted by several scientists in order to explain unique behavioural pattern of each individual in working environment. Individual and Group: Groups are of vital importance in all fields of life whether its work situation, personal or social life, these are either formal or informal. Some people may prefer to work alone as they perform better and some might want to be a part of a group in various situations. I want to put myself as an example here, when this assignment was given I was worried to work individually on it and the reason behind this was that firstly I feel more comfortable to discuss ideas with people and second, as I write simple and straight I feel better working as a group where I can use other persons words to flourish and talk about my ideas more clearly. Critical Analysis with Examples: Formal groups are formed by organisations to achieve certain goals or tasks (Bowditch and Buono, 1994). In these groups goals, tasks, roles and norms are defined by the management (Brooks, 2009). Working in a formal group is of great benefit for an individual as this develops different skills and abilities in a person. One gets a chance to see how others behave and respond to different situations and learn to work in a group effectively. I worked as a teacher for 2 years in Pakistan and learnt many things working in a group of teachers. I feel working in a group influenced my attitude and behaviour as individual, I gained more confidence of doing tasks or projects I have never done before. It also helped in developing decision power and managing multi tasks in given array of time. Working in a competitive environment changed my attitude when I started getting positive feedback from management and parents. Children respond me very well as I worked hard on each child, tried to develop skills and work on their weaknesses. There I got chance to study behaviours of children and parents as well. I tried to bring positive changes in children showing them my own example, as I was a role model for them, so in this way got a chance to study and observe own behaviours and attitudes in detail.. People join informal groups to satisfy their social, psychological and personal needs. These groups fulfil the individuals needs of social interaction that lack working in formal groups. These groups not only exist out side work place but also at work places and people of same thinking and values become a part or make themselves a part of a particular group. When I joined University of Salford in January as an international postgraduate student, I was a part of a formal group that was defined by university comprising almost thirty five students. Later students split into informal groups in order to satisfy their social needs depending on culture, language, race, age and gender. According to Maslows Hierarchy of need theory, individual try to satisfy his basic needs which differ in importance. He identifies eight innate needs ranging from physiological and safety needs to self-actualization needs (Mullins, 2005). This theory answers one of the questions why informal groups are formed also why individuals are attracted towards each other to become part informal groups. According to Hunsaker and Cook (1986) informal groups have strong influence on an individual than formal. Individuals are open to join a group of homogeneous thoughts; this gives psychological satisfaction and helps them to perform better in formal groups. All groups have some norms as a proof of their existence or value. Norms are guidelines set by organisations or groups and are considered as code of conduct for its members. According to Kreitner, Kinicki Buelens (1999) norms are unwritten and are seldom discussed. It is an attitude, mind-set and feeling shared by people, which bounds them to follow these as to continue with their membership with the group. I would like to state an example here from the school where I was teaching, it was a norm for children to come to school in proper uniform and those who deviate from this norm were considered to be violating the rule. There were some discipline rules as well which all children had to follow as part of their training and personality development, like they were not allowed to talk loud or shout in the class, had to leave the room in queue if going some where together, ask for permission before they enter in class, raise hand before they speak in class. Such norms are advantageous for students in order to discipline and organise them. According to a research group norms have strong influences on new members and they adopt the same behaviour as a result of group pressure. It gives example of a boy who indulges in violent activities after joining a gang involved in such brutal activities (Yablonsky, cited in McKenna, 2000). Roles are behavioural aspects which are expected from a person or group in a particular position. According to a research, attitude change is driven by roles (Bowditch and Buono, 1994), and the performance of an individual is enhanced if the role he is into suits his personality (Belbin, cited in Davies and Kanaki, 2006). An individual performs many roles in a group, like a teacher plays many roles in order to satisfy management and own personal need or others social needs. For children she is a teacher and a mother, who cares for them gives them sense of protection and security, trims them to face realities of life; also achieves set targets utilizing her own potentials to satisfy management; fulfils colleagues social, psychological needs. She plays more roles in her personal life like, of a daughter, sister, wife, mother, friend with various expectations from her which are not communicated formally but understood. Boulden (1983) says this tradition of very high level of expectations in work situation was set in sixties, which has brought decline to the businesses as it is very difficult for a person to match that level of expectation. When individuals share same targets, thinking and work closely together with commitment to achieve certain tasks, shows a good level of cohesiveness in a group. Cohesiveness of small groups increases when they are less diverse and more interactive, where as larger groups are less cohesive when they are more diverse and have competition (Capon, 2004).Cohesive groups share same attitudes, likings, performance and better in dealing with deviants than less cohesive groups (Bowditch and Buono, 1994). Mullins (2005) states a cohesiveness in groups is beneficial for organisations, it also leaves the members with rewarding experiences. The best example of cohesiveness can be of military, where changes in level of coordination can change the situation in battle field. It is therefore necessary for them to co-ordinate well for achieving better results. I remember the time in school when we were preparing for annual function and a few programmes were included in schedule. Teachers had to prepare children for stage performances and there was an art exhibition on the same day. Annual sports day was following this event, due to which schedule was too tight for teachers as well as for children, who had to manage themselves for so many activities though at lower level and under teachers supervision. Such situations require high level of cohesiveness to achieve targets, which is not easy as outsiders are involved in observations who also critically evaluate the organisations performance. Such situations in work experience give its members to learn from observations like other individuals or groups behaviours, and dealing techniques with groups and individuals. Good cohesiveness in a group influences an individuals behaviour, also gives high level of job satisfaction. The member follows the norms of the group which have either positive or negative impact on his attitude and behaviour both. If the group norms are good and polish his creativities and skills, that helps developing his personality, but if the norms are negative like, to produce less than ability lefts negative impact on his behaviour. According to Hawthornes experiment of fourteen men working in a wiring room formed their own informal group and the norm which everyone strongly followed was to produce less then their ability. That is how norms can be disadvantageous, if they are negative in nature (Mullins, 2005). High level of cohesiveness is not necessarily always favourable as it stops creativity, thinking, decision power and problem solving skills in a group which results in Groupthink. According to a research previously it was thought that high cohesiveness is necessary for high performance, but it was Janis, who gave a concept that high group cohesiveness leads to group think an ultimate disaster fiasco for groups decision making ability (Eaton, 2001). I want to quote Vietnam War here which was a consequence of high cohesiveness that lead to group think and America attacked Vietnam without considering the after effects they had face. Bowditch and Buono (1994) quote Janiss work saying groupthink leads to overoptimism and high risk taking by group members; there is rationalisation of groups decisions so other members are not allowed to question the decisions made. Leadership is a necessity which cannot be avoided in order to manage activities, conflicts and decision making. According to Mullins (2005 p.282) Leadership is a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people. It is the leadership which moulds the behaviour of ordinary group members to competitive group, which enhances the competency level of members of that group. Great man theory explains well the qualities of good leaders, according to which the leaders influence the behaviour of people by force of their personality (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). The best example of leadership I think is Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of my country, Pakistan. It was because of his strong leadership qualities that he united the Muslims of sub-continent on one plate form, as a nation. Different style of leadership have different affects on individuals personality, like, Autocratic leadership style suppresses the abilities of the group members. On the other hand if the leader tries to involve the member in making decisions, he wins their confidence, able to take better decisions, this also have very positive effects on the attitudes of members. I want to share my own experience of working with SLM Connexions, a call centre located in Manchester, UK. The company started business with a good deal of investment, and recruitment of talented staff. The autocratic style of leadership was adopted by the directors who use to tell the staff what they want them to do or sell. Sometimes suggestions were welcomed but no one was allowed to question their decisions, and as a result the company bear much loss in last few months for making many wrong decisions. Whenever individuals interact with each other, there is always a possibility of conflict between them depending on multidimensional thinking, perception and behaviour. Conflict my arise due to several reasons ranging from improperly defined roles to ambiguity in norms. Whatever reason of conflict is, it affects its member both positively and negatively. Role conflict mainly arises due to unethical behaviour of a member (Johns and Saks, 2005). Conflicts may also arise from cultural, demographic and value differences (Vodosek, 2007). I want to quote an example from my own experience in school where teachers were provided with pick and drop facility. These group of teachers were from different level, like some were from pre-school and some from primary and their finishing time was different from each other. Pre-school teachers finished an hour before the primary level teacher and had enough time to wind-up before going home, but primary teachers use to finish at 2oclock. Conflict arouse when pre-school teachers demanded van to leave school as they get free early without considering the teachers who finish at 2oclock. This conflict leads to many other conflicts in school regarding duty timings and some others. Then our academic co-ordinator decided to have consensus and time was fixed for the school van to leave after school. Conflict brings success to an organisation and groups in many ways. Conflicts are a sign of healthy mental approach; bring new ideas, innovations which individuals should learn to take positively as it is beneficial for them as well. On other hand conflict has adverse affects on personality behaviour of an individual that can result in stress and frustration. Conclusion: The subject discussed above reflects the positive and negative aspects of group behaviours on individual. Individuals and groups work parallel to each other in every sphere of life and study of an individuals behaviour in a group is as important as organizations. An individual interacts with other people in perspectives of behaviours and attitudes throughout life and learn to polish, enhance and develops his personality, through learning from different experiences. Management should take the responsibility to resolve the conflicts related to roles, status leadership, norms, and develops good cohesiveness so that individuals can get maximum benefit from it. Generally problems are taken as hurdles but these are there to teach us. We should take them as opportunity which gives a new horizon to perception of an individual.

Priorless tale

Prioress Tale and Christian Anti-Semitic In the story â€Å"Prioress Tale† by Geoffrey Chaucer had some ways where it was anti- semitic. The Catholic Church had a hatred of Jews. Jews did not believe Jesus was their savior. Christians hated and blamed Jews for the death of Jesus calling them Satan's agents. â€Å"The boy is â€Å"little†, â€Å"young†, â€Å"tender† etc. The Villains are â€Å"cursed†, â€Å"a wasp's nest of satan† who â€Å"conspire† to murder the little boy' (3).The school where the young boy had gone to was described as a good kid taught young children how o pray and praise Mary the mother of Jesus. â€Å"O mother maid, O maiden mother free! O bush unburnt, burning in Moses' sight, that ravishedest down from the deity†¦. Conceiv ©d was the Father's Sapience† (7). The Jews were killed as a penalty for the death of a young boy with no proof that they were the ones involved in this crime. â€Å"The Prio ress Tale† and â€Å"Christian anti-Semitism† both show how far a person will go to torment others to invent to be an activist of god.Christians had set up heir own policy in the name of god but there was no similarity to Jesus because Jesus represents of love and forgiveness. During the middle ages the tale reflects anti-Semitic in different ways. The Christians had blamed the Jews responsible for Jesus death. The church had discussions about how the Christians should not affiliate themselves with any Jewish people. Jews were not allowed to do a lot of things such as were not allowed to buy any property from the Christians. Jews were accused of a lot of things but they wasn't even involved with.For this reason Jews were burnt alive. One of the reasons Jews were blamed for doing malicious things because they planned for the death of Christ. Another reason why they were blamed for doing malicious things was when Jews had claimed the blood of Jesus for them and their chil dren. The medieval anti- Semitism had trust in the Jewish faith that they were in lower place to Christianity and they had an alliance with Satan. Jews were also cursed and would remain curse even if they had converted themselves to Christianity.

NATOs mission in Kosovo - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 26 Words: 7754 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTERNATIONAL LAW NATOs MISSION in KOSOVO ABSTRACT In the course of the NATO mission and its ramifications to people all over the world, a number of literature depicting this issue and concerns in international laws and national security have been widespread. This seminar paper endeavors to explore the details surrounding the legitimacy of NATO in the war indicated as the NATO mission in Kosovo by providing an analysis with regard to the facts surrounding NATO intervention and deliberating on the future implications that this mission hold in respect to international law. INTERNATIONAL LAW NATOs MISSION in KOSOVO Introduction When a terrorist captures people and turns them into hostages in their very homeland and the law enforcement or armed forces storm in violently causing havoc to the country, they will be placing the hostages more at risk. What is worse and more irresponsible would be to gain entry into another area of the vicinity since it is more secure and there is no terrorist present and begins to damage things valuable to the inhabitants. Such an approach would look as if preferably considered to position the hostages in the most likely risk. Nobody in his right mind concerned about the security of the hostages would conduct an operation this way, nevertheless it is precisely the approach followed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "NATOs mission in Kosovo" essay for you Create order The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is also referred to as the North Atlantic Alliance. It is an international governmental organization military alliance founded on the North Atlantic Treat. The organization holds a system to maintain a collective security, of which affiliates had declared to be in agreement to mutual defense taking action against an attack from an outside force. While NATO attempted to rapidly put in force peace efforts in Kosovo, the way that the organization performs its actions received unsympathetic criticisms. Merely for the reason that the administration by Milosevic was obviously in gross contravention of a number of international laws did not outright give good reason for any reaction devoid of rigorous examination and analysis. This analysis endeavors to explore the details surrounding the legitimacy of NATO in the war indicated as the NATO mission in Kosovo by responding to the research question; was NATO intervention in Kosovo just, and what are the future implications that this mission hold in respect to international law? NATO Mission in Kosovo The objectives of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on the subject of the tension in Kosovo were explained in the declaration delivered during the very particular conference by the North Atlantic Council conducted at NATO were confirmed by different Heads of State and the Government in Washington. Consequently, the objectives of NATO regarding the conflict in Kosovo were concretely outlined. (The NATO Press Release 1999, Sc. 1-3) These were indicated in the Statement of the Chairman, Resolution 1244 (1999) Annex 1. A succinct overview of The Washington Declaration takes account of NATO objectives which in summary suggests a confirmable discontinue of all military engagement and the abrupt eradication of violent behavior and subjugation; the pulling out from Kosovo of the armed forces, law enforcement, and assisting official military forces; the posting of international military presence in Kosovo; the unrestricted and safety of all refugees and displaced persons coming back and unconstrained access of humanitarian aid organizations to those individuals; and the formation of a political agenda arrangement for Kosovo based on the Rambouillet Accords (Beckert 1999, p.16), to conform with the international law and the Charter of the United Nations. (The NATO Press Release, 1999) Distinctions between alliances and coalitions This analysis endeavors to explore the details surrounding the legitimacy of NATO in the war indicated as the NATO mission in Kosovo. The focus of this paper is on current events, but it also delves on thehistory oftherelationshipconsideringtheoreticalapproachesand concepts. Current affairs of the Atlantic Community are embeddedintheir historicalevolution. They cannot be comprehensively elucidated without theoreticalconstructs.Therefore, in an endeavor to encompass all essential elements and raise law-oriented and theoretical notions, it is imperative to tackle the distinctions between alliances and coalitions in consideration of the NATO organization. The attacks in 2001 that shocked the whole world were construed in a variety of ways by different nations as well as local and international organizations. Numerous states in the country had initiated their readiness to be included in responding to measures opposed to terrorism. The finishing off of the Cold War and the departure of a fired up antagonism has altered the strategies to security cohesion on the part of allied states. Furthermore, the unmatched standing of the United States as an excessively active force in the most indistinct implication has dealt American strategists with a predicament since conventional alliances may present both advantages and disadvantages. Progressively more, the disadvantages have succeeded. In political terms, the possibilities of accomplishing harmony among the twenty-six member states of NATO have diminished. Harmony, at one time the high point of Alliance cohesion, has become now impossible and unnecessary. (Yost, 1998) Coalitions of the disposed can be generated from within a much unrestricting miscellany of states, and the uncertainty occurs if the Alliance is now turning out to be an instrument for the conveyance of a discriminatory European allegiance to an American inclusive order of a global scale. According to Steinberg (2003, p. 115), NATO had referred to Article V, a combined defense specification. Other international organizations conveyed their pronouncement to partake within the collective endeavor to buoy up the movement against terrorism. Beginning in the year 2002, the initial operations of Romanian groups, for instance, to unite with the Coalition Forces in Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan, has embodied an ultimate pace in the Eastern European countries to become affiliates of NATO. Since that period, various countries of sorts have taken on a new structure of values in the course of their desire to form a junction with the association of democracy and freedom. The conflicts feature has been changed fundamentally in recent years owing to the asymmetrical distinctiveness of defiance. In addition, from the standpoints of the new-fangled international challenges, the increasing emergent of international organizations and local measures, it is apparent that there is necessity of general principles, norm, and regulations for its class of organizations. (Steinberg 2003, p. 130) NATOs main role in nations it focuses on is to assist the existing government in putting into effect and broadening its influence and authority across the country, overlaying the means for renewal and operative governance. The organization accomplishes this predominately by way of its United Nations authorization for International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). From the moment NATO had assumed command of ISAF in the year 2003, the Alliance has progressively stretched out the scope of its mission, formerly just limited to Kabul, to encompass Afghanistans entire territory. The number of ISAF groups has increased correspondingly from the preliminary five thousand to more or less eighty thousand troops which had come from forty-four nations that comprise all twenty-eight NATO members. (Hamilton, 2004) The waning of NATO had been prognosticated a lot of times subsequent to the ending of the Cold War and with even more after the devastation aggravated by Iraq warfare seven years prior. The composers of NATO recordings are not in concurrence with regard to the causes of downfall which vary from unevenness of power to conflicting world views encompassing the Atlantic, but they have the same opinion with regard to NATO, at the same time still remains, is in effect demise. The decision makers of the Alliance had learned to distinguish and perform within the limits within which the Alliance is supposed to function if it is to carry on. This is noteworthy. During the latter part of the 1990s, political determination and reality had conflicted in Kosovo, bringing forth NATOs most terrible post-Cold War catastrophe. Since the devastation, NATO had prepared for a Riga summit which continued with the investments completed since the Prague summit of Allied leaders concerning NATOs conversion i nto a twenty-first century alliance. Indicated ambitions had aligned with reality and NATO had been supposed to be on the right track for revitalization. (Hursoy Esrin, 2004) In consideration of aligning aspiration with reality, the involvement in Kosovo in 1999 had demonstrated a number of symptoms of melancholy within the Alliance and it was in the response of the Allies to this move that it was found the reasons why NATO is directed for restitution. The involvement of NATO in Kosovo had progressed into an unpredictably long-drawn-out less significant air war, which caused the Allies to oppose NATO approach, the United States to assume that military operations had to be coursed beyond the cooperative entities of NATO, and European Allies to sustain the European Unions new security and defense policy (ESDP). (Meyer 2004, pp. 90-91) The intervention of NATO corresponded to the conclusion of nearly ten long years of political casual interest with the aspiration of unification in a range of pretexts that Europe has to be undivided and emancipated, the democratic community has to be broadened, NATO has to act as solitary, and NATO has to exemplify and through its actions characterize unanimous democratic and humanitarian principles. Furthermore, devoid of a tactical intimidation, these compulsions and objectives as expected led into the attempt to make NATO a united security organization for Europe. Kosovo was only this test occurrence of which NATO took action with no mandate from the United Nation and had laid assertion to legitimacy. (Mayer 2004, p. 93) Subsequently, realities had then succeeded. The Allies had found not just that they were not prepared to actually wage war for these values, hence the nonexistence of a ground war, but also that principles are no replacement for politics and the welfare they engender; hence, the arguments within NATO. These occurrences had stimulated a transformation of movement in NATO. The arrangements for the 2002 Prague Summit and the renovation program that was reorganized in Riga correspond to an alliance of ambition with reality. (Croft 2002, p.98) The initial point is not the aspiration to take action united but the necessity to construct an Alliance that remains united but takes action flexibly in coalitions determined by interests and means. There are by then positive signs of transformation. The NATO Response Force, reforming the new force structure concentrated on all set and organized forces; the sinewy of the command assembly and reserves prepared in itinerant headquarters below the rank of strategic authority; and the new political focal point on irregular intimidations that come from beyond the European constituency. They indicate that NATO imply seriousness of concern when it opts to make an matter its concern, and they guarantee that Allies who decide to lend a hand in certain missions will be able to accomplish it. NATO is a preferred alliance, which indicates that its renewal is bound to happen. It will come about when decision-makers make the appropriate choices as they have already done. (Jones, 2005, p. 15) Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This analysis with regard to the NATO mission in Kosovo related to transatlantic relations focuses on current events and references with history to the relationship, to theoretical approaches and concepts. This will commence examination of documentary resources such as literature reviews, articles, theses, research projects, among others. In addition, the study will examine the data through surveys, observations and core personality interviews from where originally obtained. Collection of pertinent data from the various sources of statistical data, the number of deaths caused by the conflict, and number of families removed from their homes, and so on is explored. Overall, this analysis looks on various classes of data that are gathered and studies conducted to distinguish patterns and put together assumptions that might guide future action. Coalitions and alliances are fundamental attributes of international security. (Papp, 1984) This analysis examines these directly associated observable facts by means of an amalgamation of conceptual frameworks to explore them and empirical research studies to demonstrate them. The examination commences with an exploration of the problematic distinctive issues that envelop the distinctions between alliance and coalition, then outlines the major conceptual theoretical works pertinent to examining these phenomena, such as balance of power, intra-alliance politics, and multinational processes. Outfitted with these investigative tools, these concepts may be applied to this study of details surrounding the legitimacy of NATO in the war and the future implications that this mission hold in respect to international law. Through the process of investigating various literatures and peer-reviewed articles, as well as current events in recent years will gain both a conceptual and practicable understanding of supposed The United Nations Development Programmes Human Development Report of 1994 initially purported the conception of human security. This is commonly known as people-centered security or security with a human face. (Thomas 2000, p. 6) Human security situates people instead of the states at the center of security matters. (Howorth, 2005) This framework delves on the aspects of human security which include freedom from desire; freedom from terror; and the freedom to settle with dignity. It regards the challenging nature of the conception and evaluates its importance for being aware of the development of the security discipline. Some literatures and resources delves particularly on human security concerns associated with terrorism, subjugation, warfare, humanitarian intervention, and the responsib ility to safeguard doctrine, as well as the framework of international governance for progressing human security in terms of international laws. (Hursoy Esrin, 2004) Peacetime alliance behaviors and the standards of carrying out military operations when necessary in conjunction with allies seem to be the existing principles within provisions of international laws. This seminar paper will include an emphasis on NATO and the role of various countries as well as international organizations as alliance or coalition collaborators in historical and contemporary conflicts. In addition, this seminar paper also takes into account the developing nature of security in the perspective of international politics. It centers on peer-reviewed articles about non-military challenges to security at the same time recognizing the associations between these and conventional security matters. Among the subject matter being deliberated in various literatures include international law and security; the privatization and economics related to security; energy resources; environmental problems; population dynamics; gender and age standpoints on security; the predicaments of frail and weakening states; transnational organized crime; and new methods of warfare. The general purpose of the study is to take account of issues and points of view that confront the way security is conventionally identified with. It is imperative to identify the different elements that comprise the concept of human security being tackled in this study as future actions in terms of international laws on warfare are considered. The primary essential element is the likelihood of the general public to settle in harmony and security within their individual boundaries. This involves the facility of states and the people to thwart and get to the bottom of conflicts by means of diplomatic and non-violent processes and, when the discord is terminated, the capability to successfully implement reconciliation activities. The next element is that people must benefit from non-discriminatory implementation of rights and obligations which include human, political, social, economic, as well as cultural rights that being a citizen of a state implies. Another element is social inclusion or the idea of obtaining equated access to the political, social, and economic law-making processes, and to gain the same benefits from them. T he next element is that of the institution of the rule of law and the autonomy of the justice system. (Ogata, 1998) Every member of a society must have equal rights and obligations and be under similar set of guidelines. According to a statement delivered by Ogata (1998), these fundamental elements which are derived from the conception of equality of all before the law, in effect get rid of any threat of uncertainty which so repeatedly makes itself apparent in discrimination, exploitation, or subjugation. Following these conflicts, a new-fangled understanding of the conception of security is developing. Once upon a time tantamount to the protection of territory from external onslaught, the necessities of security in the present day have come to take on the security of communities and persons from internal aggression. The necessity for a more human-centered outlook to security is strengthened by the enduring threats that armaments of mass destruction, subjugation, hostility, among others pose to humanity of which their very label discloses their capacity and their anticipated purpose if they were ever utilized. Society has to open up its prospect of what is peace and security. Peace suggests much more than the nonexistence of war. Human security cannot be comprehended in absolutely military means. Preferably, it must include economic progress, social justice, environmental security, autonomy, reduction in arms, and valuing of human rights and laws. Narrative of the Political/Policy Theme Yugoslavia was formed mainly for defense purposes; however, as MacMillan (2001, 111-3) asserts, the Serbs had wanted more than what they had. They desired for Serbia to become the principal and governing force in Yugoslavia. Macedonia and Slovenia had not continued to get involved in the federation for the reason that Milosevic yearned to converge all his influence where he would gain collaboration and significant cooperation. Any location where there was an amply hefty Serbian inhabitants, whom he could supply with weapons to construct a Greater Serbia, he favors that, and in mind for Milosevic as Head of State. (Ignatieff 2001, p. 48) Following the mass execution at Sarajevo and Srebrenica, the Dayton Accords were approved. This event had directed NATO to pay a visit to Milosevic as a gentleman they could transact with, since at Dayton, he so amiably dealt Sarajevo for the Muslims, deceiving the Serbs at Bosnia. Nonetheless, Milosevic intentionally left Kosovo and was not part of the contract. The harsh negotiation given by NATO had not been successful in taking the Bosnian war offenders answerable to what happened to Sarajevo and Srebrenica into custody. Hence, Milosevic expected it would keep on making dialogues which concern human rights and do not a thing about it. (Ignatieff 2001, pp. 50-51) Almost half a decade of redundant intimidations appeared to substantiate ideas in peoples minds. NATO had looked disinclined engage in warfare for its principles. But NATO did. There have been casualties even before the intervention, and as it progressed and criticized by many, fatalities seemed to add up until its termination some years ago. At the same time as the nuclear upsurge had been stalled during the 1970s and 1980s, and industrialized nations recognized that they required traditional weaponry, not strong ones which are useless, they had pursued a new kind of equipment. The ascent of moral as well as human rights discourse in terms of security had elevated the standards of artillery to reduce collateral damage and diminish or get rid of the risks to individuals and entities using them. These transformations had resulted to arsenal that would strike the targets with great precision, and cause not that much devastation within the sphere of the targets surroundings. (Ignatieff 2001, p. 163) Interested parties had continued this endeavor by creating a number of technological innovations. Lasers had enhanced precision targeting; computer gadgets had started to make use of satellites to hit targets with accuracy; propulsion systems had improved the reach of missiles and bombs were prepared to be less harmful to people. This indicated that both the person making the target as well as the onlookers who are often civilians were more secured; and automated drones to make close watch activities safe for those who flew the planes. (Ignatieff 2001, p. 166) Precision weaponry comprised only eight percent of the explosives that were used in Iraq; and so far, some new missile types could do greater feats far from what were previously created. The regulated threatening features, the dangers it got rid of in support of the major players and the crucial repercussions for the adversaries have improved weaponry. (Ignatieff 2001, p. 167) The opponents had a good idea that if the Americans utilized such equipment and expertise, which was far more advanced than majority of the other weaponry in the world, it would need the same technology, which most nations do not have the capacity to obtain, to thrash them out during battle. Responsibility to Protect refers to a manuscript issued by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. (Commission, 2001) This specifies the rights as well as responsibilities of states in terms of interventions to stop huge numbers of fatalities. (Commission 2001, XII) It specifies four protective doctrines that intervening authorities have to wear out prior to procuring military combat. On the basis of the Responsibility to Protect, any relevant personality should have arbitrated to halt the combating. They had used up tactful means like peace talk actions, trade prohibitions, premeditated separation of Serbs and Albanians (Ignatieff 2001, pp. 25, 32-4), but all these to no purpose. Evidently, Milosevic was not settling. He was anticipating that, either of two things. That NATO would not continue on its intimidations or that, if the organization did, he may breach the Alliance and the support of the Western public for the involvement before it attained its objectives. (Ignatieff 2001, pp. 48, 59-66) Kosovo is situated in southern Serbia comprised mostly of ethnic Albanians. It was an autonomous state within the former Yugoslavia. Slobodan Milosevic, the head of Serbia had changed its status in 1989 by eradicating autonomy and had since then been under the control of the Serbian capital, Belgrade. There was a strong opposition expressed by the Kosovar Albanians. Almost ten years after, there have been deaths for around one thousand five hundred Kosovar Albanians and four hundred thousand people forced out of their own residences. (Walker, 2000) The world became grimly concerned regarding the rising conflict, the turnout of deaths, and the danger of it opening out to other nations. Apparently, President Milosevics discount for political interventions intended to peacefully put an end to the problem and the threatening role of the radical Kosovar Albanian forces was also problematical. This resulted to an excessive use of force brought by the Serbian security forces as well as the Yugoslav defending forces. The United Nations Security Council Resolution had turned out to be majorly instrumental but grave situations soon escalated which necessitated renewed international interventions. NATO, as reported had endeavored to make a possible transport of than 4666 tons of food and water supplies, 4325 tons of other provisions, 2624 tons of tents and almost 1600 tons of medical supplies had been brought to the region. It is approximated that 1.5 million citizens or ninety percent of Kosovo population, had been removed from their homes. Some 225,000 Kosovar individuals were reported missing. And there were at the least some five thousand Kosovars who had been executed all through these events. (Walker, 2000) Analysis In the area under discussion with regard to alliances and coalitions that may have influenced NATOs action towards the case of Kosovo, as a critic, may point out coalitions may undercut the Alliance for the reason that in the lack of common or collective risks, alliances appear spaced out. This is purportedly what had occurred in the Iraq War seven years prior. The United States had taken up its contentious course of action in the mission have got to establish the coalition to the situation where NATO virtually relinquished on its treaty obligation. (Jones, 2005) In particular, at the time Turkey in the early part of 2003 had asked for security conferences, which by the way is a natural right by law as stipulated in Article 4. It was these nations, particularly France, Belgium, and Germany which felt a forthcoming American undertaking that followed this appeal to unfasten deadlocked international relations and acquire international reinforcement using NATOs treaty obligations. These allies as a result had opposed NATO discussions in order not to influence UN Security Council negotiations. It had taken discreet resourcefulness to arrive at a concession in those impassioned days. (Jones 2005, p. 17) From the various writings of different personalities with regard to the issue, it is apparent that the means to integrating the Alliance with coalition formation dwells in a continuous strategic discourse delving on all germane issues, in the nonexistence of any simulated constraint. Such a discussion will function to shed light on premeditated matters of interest and put decision-making in order. It will conspicuously rally round the Allies to negotiate among themselves where the Allies may stand prepared to arise a coalition that fulfills their supposed interests will contract to acquire the reinforcement of NATO entirely. This is because they know that eventually they will have need for it. The other Allies will have to negotiate for the reason that it will present them with a chance to structure the coalition without having to take part in it. To cut a long story short, NATO as an alliance can make it possible for coalitions by expounding tactical interests and by presenting a v enue for negotiations. NATOs so-called peace talk actions commenced in Raombouillet, France. In Western media, the Rambouillet Agreement was posted and reported as it was written and no further explanation, probably due to limited investigation. However, Drozdiak (1999) reports the following: The principal stumbling block to achieving an agreement at the 12-day-old Kosovo peace talks outside Paris remains the opposition of the Serb-led Belgrade government to accepting a NATO-led force. senior Western officials said. that if Belgrades intransigence thwarts an agreement, it is almost a certainty that NATO airstrikes would begin by early next. (Drozdiak 1999, p. A01) In this report, the usage of the words peacekeeping force (Drozdiak 1999, p. A01) presents the Belgrade administration as unreasonably stubborn and intractable. Definitely, no personality would want to engage in fighting. Peace is always upheld to maintain harmonization and continuity of daily acts of living. In this line of thought, if NATO had the opinion that it had no other alternative but to pronounce a war, the unyieldingness of Belgrade would be held accountable. There have been assumptions that the Racac supposed massacre accusations were actually clandestinely planned by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) in collaboration with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and had pointed finger towards the Serbs which was held accountable. The supposed people behind this were those same individuals who demanded the Milosevic affix his signature to the agreement. Apparently, the information indicated in the Rambouillet Agreement, which Milosevic was being directed to put his signature on at gun point, were not once mentioned in the Western media. Actually, the details of the agreement were not even interpreted, just posted. (Drozdiak 1999, p. A01) This is not acceptable in terms of unbiased reporting and transparency. In order to understand the actions performed and decisions made by the Yugoslavs, it must be informed in detail, especially if it is an international crisis that may impact other nations in the future in terms of conflicts and repressio n. The stipulations of the Rambouillet Agreement successfully segregated the region of Kosovo from the Republic of Serbia. This had left the radical members of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and had become the regional power. This occurrence was enough reason by itself for any nation not to authorize. No country would care for to sign, under coercion or threat a document arranged by an external authority or foreign power, much less terrorists and intended to take away a portion of the country and particularly the very region considered the structure of the peoples culture. This was not the only evident situation that hinders the authorization many years ago. Some excerpts of the NATO peacekeeping force from the Rambouillet Agreement appear to indicate making NATO as the position of most eminent authority in Yugoslavia. They were insisting to authorize stipulations resembling the terms required by the assaulting Nazis during the Second World War. Sign or we will bomb you, (Boustany 1999, p. A18) were the supposed words that came from NATO directed to Milosevic. For the reason that the document was aimed like so that it was out of the question to sign, NATO was evidently pronouncing war. In addition, Foreign Minister Vollebaek, Chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has thorough knowledge and good understanding of the agreement. The pressure is mounting Knut Vollebaek said yesterday about concerted efforts to subdue Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic into accepting a peace process for Kosovo under threat of a NATO military strike. (Boustany 1999, p. A18) From this article, it would appear that things were being embellished with a bit of truthfulness. However, this does not make things better. The Rambouillet Agreement was conjured up to be a pronouncement of imminent war, but the mainstream media presented it as a peace talk process. The core personalities behind this comprise Vollebaek as the principal figure in the effort to overcome Milosevic to authorize the supposed peace process being initiated by NATO. Vollebaek and his cohorts asserted that Albanian factions or secessionists including the national groups within Kosovo are nearing to sign the agreement. That is far from the truth. Although some people does not share this sentiment, this had been pervading the thoughts of a lot of people, particularly at the time the situation had been known overseas and had become a major concern of international organizations. From these reports that came from the Washington Post and other media sources, it had appeared as though the media reportage of the nations discord was undeserved and overlooked or to some extent had obscured a lot of significant portions that had taken place during the crisis. The propaganda and blatant abuse of basic rights by the Milosevic administration is well-known and in the main acquiesced. Nonetheless, the majority of the media reports were not very impartial concerning the concrete way in which NATO had carried out their activities in Kosovo. The administration under the ruling of Milosevic unjustifiably concentrated effort towards the Muslim Kosovars and Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The condemnations for war transgressions and law-breaking in opposition to Milosevic and the affiliates of his government were correct as they meted out horrifying carnage on the Kosovar people. Yet again, the conventional media had overlooked some of NATOs own infringements of the international humanitarian law. Whats more, the double standards of the humanitarian contention were not looked into appropriately. In the face of all these occurrences, it was clear that the law was deliberately defiled as NATO commenced with the bombing operation at the same time as the majority of the media who made reports did not present much independent coverage as expected. NATOs individual authorization indicated that it is under the command of the United Nations, but actually it was absolutely circumvented. Even the United States House of representatives had not approved its war activities. All through the conflict, the accomplishment of the NATO objectives, along with measures to guarantee their thorough implementation, has been considered by the Alliance as the precondition for terminating the aggression and human torment within Kosovo. Literature Review In the course of the NATO mission and its ramifications to people all over the world, a number of literature depicting this issue and concerns in international laws and national security have been widespread. Ignatieff (2001), a journalist in London had been preoccupied for the past decade at the same period this event was taking place investigating pertinent resources and events that concern ethnic nationalism as well as ethnic war. His book entitled Virtual war: Kosovo and beyond, of which some significant parts had been featured in the New Yorker and other publications. It finalizes an unexpected set of related works that had developed by way of mostly current events. The literature had turned out along with the first observance of the war in Kosovo after a year. It characterized a commendable initial summary historical report. It depicts the situation that NATO had gone to war because of the mistaken principle that a momentary air operation would constrain Milosevic to give in. The outbreak of war is essentially attributed to a human miscalculation on both Serbs and Kosovos. The Serbian headships had did not want to acknowledge that their place in Kosovo was unsound, at the same time the West had given up its trustworthiness by continually dealing out pointless pressures of cogency and hugely had taken too lightly the settle of Belgrade to bear up a few days of assault. Ignatieff (2001) assesses critically the discriminatory utilization of the military force of the West to defend human rights and the letdown of the Western administrations to uphold principle with the use of resolute military power. The writing is significant in todays global society for the author attempts to push his assessment forward, in the attempt to put in plain words the absurdity of the moral vigorous action of the West in consideration of human rights and its disinclination to make use of force or having placed its very own armed forces at risk. Part of his criticism that leaves a mark to the readers is the idea that warfare has become unnatural to individuals with technological outstanding ability. In the case of NATOs mission in Kosovo, Ignatieff (2001) had looked at it and depicted the phenomenon to sound like the way it actually is, a war to the people on the ground. The Kosovo had appeared to be a virtual experience for the inhabitants of nations affiliated with NATO. According to Ignatieff (2001), it was a manifestation that had stimulated sentiments in the powerful but superficial way that sport events do. In other words, the fundamental impartiality of moral risk of murder or be murdered in conventional war was substituted by something similar to a prospect to take advantage of. In an array of synopses about the most important players in the Kosovo crisis such as Richard Holbrook, the American mediator and Louise Arbour, war crimes initiator of legal action and, a Yugoslav who stood in opposition to the terror campaign behind the name Aleksa Djilas, as well as in other literatures, Ignatieff (2001) relays a powerful line of reasoning by way of the fact that there is a genuine need to steer clear of wars or the kind of warfare with zero fatality or a low-cost war at the least. This had allowed the West not to take responsibility. In addition, they were able to accomplish this without problems and that warfare does not encompass definite outcomes. The authority of NATO was challenged to ascertain assumptions concerning what or who the major targets of the assault should be. Some leaders have assumed that authority and control ought to be the aim; while others felt that the Serbian forces who did the carnage are the ones to be targeted. (Ignatieff 2001, p.169) Given that the coalition has the very valuable precision weaponry, they have the facility to select carefully their targets making sure that this action accomplishes the utmost purposes of NATOs interference or involvement. The warfare was terminated as soon as NATO had bombarded a power network that provided majority of the electrical energy used in Belgrade. In this way, NATO had weakened considerably the forces in Belgrade. (Ignatieff 2001, pp. 108-109) The success on the part of NATO had construed that the Belgrade administration has no means to control its war contrivance. As anticipated, Milosevic had been indicted for war crimes of sorts. A asserted by Ignatieff (20o1, p. 110) coalition forces had sustained no fatalities and caused just small number of deaths while accomplishing to make Milosevic admit defeat helps to make the intervention compliant to existing law. The author furthers that NATO was not attempting to do carnage just to capture Milosevic and obliterate the commands ability to annihilate the citizenry. Actually, NATO could have accomplished more than what took place in its quest for non deadly fighting by way of communications systems. Conclusion Two decades ago, the pursuit for a more self-governing state by Kosovo was refused by Serbia. This had retracted further the independent state of Kosovo. Consequently, Albanians were subdued and resettlement of the Serbs into the locality was supported. Given the progression of this situation, Albanians had pushed for absolute independence. Severe Serbian repression and a failure in terms of negotiations to resolve the issue provoked NATO into attacking Serbia by air. NATO putting up over the Atlantic community will have to continue its determination to uphold its objectives and accordingly secure coalitions in an unfeigned Alliance. Amplification must then not go further than the situation where the previous Atlantic community may possibly take over NATO. In view of the existing situations, NATO would also do favorably to consider the function of its tactical dialogue. This dialogue is supposed to not involve the so-called mechanical discussion of national points of view and set of guidelines in the anticipation that all these can be synchronized. The dialogue should characterize an Atlantic visualization of a global society that is founded on alliances between NATO and not only other democratic states and organizations but also the most important powers of the international network of systems. The suitable selections are therefore not unproblematic since they require money, the Alliances geographic boundaries, and tactical foresight; however, th ey would be able to guarantee NATOs continuous renewal. Ignatieff (2001), a BBC network correspondent and observer of the war, looks at the disconcerting features of what he refers to as virtual war. Progressive technology has made it possible for the West to become virtually invincible on the combat zone, while surfacing ideas concerning human rights have legitimized actions in the dealings of autonomous nations. However, the lack of involvement of the Western general public from contemporary wars, made worse by the pervasive aversion for fatalities, commanded a vain military approach in Kosovo. Aligned aircraft had carried their armaments from fifteen thousand feet with the purpose of preventing the thrashing of aircraft and squads. Therefore, NATO military procedures had by no means dealt with the political intentions explaining the war and conspicuously, defending the Kosovar Albanians from Serb forces in the region. Ignatieffs (2001) introspective analysis facilitates to put in plain words the reasons the West has hardly ever been ab le to support its haughty principles with determined force. Undoubtedly, so-called precision operations, a new technology in warfare, have unbolted new-fangled potentials for averting the destruction done to inhabitants and their personal properties and possessions. Unfortunately, that is the unavoidable consequence of armed dispute. In this line of thought, progressions in the technological innovation, precision, correspond to a constructive trend. Moreover, as artillery turns out to become progressively more clear-cut and precise, understanding of international humanitarian law is growing to be all the time more challenging for an aggressor. On condition that such understanding does not become off from the law or take no notice of the realities of military requirement, this also is to be accepted. On the other hand, as the fascination of precision engenders overstated expectations of its potentials in a way that individuals who are not exactly engaged within the combat zone oblige demands which are difficult to deal with on the military or postulate standards that go over treaty or tradition, international humanitarian law is undermined. There should be clear distinctions from one or the other. In addition, to be esteemed, international humanitarian law has to carry on to reasonably even out humanitarian issues with the need for military services. The harmonizing may change along with advancements in the setting of warfare, but has to keep on at the core of international humanitarian law. Finally, the international humanitarian law society has to be perceptive to the actuality that when precision qualifications, for instance, are overcome disproportionately on the combat zone the consequential unevenness may result for the underprivileged position to have recourse to devices and strategies that infringe the most fundamental principles of international humanitarian law. This is not to recommend that technologically advanced forces must discard their precision knowledge and machinery to make warfare more humanitarian. Perceptibly, any such proposition is illogical. Instead, it is an appeal for society to intensify its hard work to preserve the doctrines of the international humanitarian law in the countenance of the possibility that others will seek out to give good reason for their leaving behind. The future of warfare in accordance to prospective international laws may take account of communications systems technology using the right equipment and expertise. Making the opponent sightless and giddy and then taking away the data required to organize the mechanisms of war. As opposed to assaulting people fighting for their principles in the battle zone, NATO may have opted to allow to run riot computer viruses towards the computer systems and databases of its enemies to immobilize them, or possibly provided the enemy in command the wrong information in the computer they depend on, or perhaps circulated propaganda which as some would assert as a device of war virtually ever since the beginning of warfare to alter the views of the Serbs, and concentrate mainly on obliterating their communication systems including computer devices, satellites, radars, other communication gadgets, and power supplies. (Ignatieff 2001, pp. 169-70) Targeting the primary objectives without causing wounded or dead persons, any necessity for retribution are viewed as less critical or reasonable. The NATO mission did not utilize hundred percent of its capacity, so it did not lay down an example to have need of their utility in humanitarian intervention; however, as circumstances were reported, do underscore a significant move from contemporary war in two ways which include the amalgamation of official and political evaluation into the progression of engaging in warfare and, most notably, the intense decline in fatalities and affliction in war. Post modern war for humanitarian reasons could turn out to be the acceptable means eventually, but to be expecting it to turn into the norm merely because of its accomplishment in Kosovo is to close the eyes to the restoration of traditional military undertaking, typical nationalism, traditional soldiers and traditional artillery used by the United States and forming global awareness at the turn of the twenty-first century. In effect, post modern war is still not the standard, and majority of wars in the future may be expected to be lethal ones. Nevertheless, at some point, the perception of war is at the beginning of transformation. In consideration of all the specifics that were purported from various sources, in the face of controversies and varying points of view considering the mission of NATO in Kosovo, it may be asserted that NATO intervention in Kosovo had lain down two major patterns. First is that the war that happens to the exterior of the state of exemption can and must be carried out for purposes of ethics and principles and not purely strategic concerns. The other suggests that such wars will make both leading players, owing to legal assessment, and adversaries, due to the risk of intervention, more lawfully answerable for their actions. This type of intervention is provided a new set of guidelines stipulated in the Responsibility to Protect. More intervention to stop the progress of more abuse to human rights may be imperative and Kosovo presented the world new doctrines by which to accomplish it. To wrap it up, the NATO intervention had laid the standards that human rights violence has to be stopped and disallowed punishable by law with intense penalties. Those nations with capacity to put off terrorizations causing peril to the rights of people have got to do so. Contemporary warfare should be far more permissible, if executed compliant with deliberated and improved international laws. Intervention is probably not the most acceptable mode but NATOs measures and outcomes of this decision show that, as military intervention progresses to become essential to stop the progress of massive killing and brutality, there is a much preferred means to do it. As a final word, through the work of Ignatieff (2001), a unique analysis of the disposition and ramifications of NATOs Kosovo mission was elucidated. 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